GALLERY

An impressive wave of immigration chiefly towards the United States of America takes place in the beginning of the century. In the photograph an advertisement of a steamship that served the line of America in the beginning of the twentieth century.
Athens, Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.
Spathari, Ε., Armenizontas sto Chrono: To ploio stin Elliniki Techni, ΚΑPΟΝ editions, Athens 1995, p. 268, fig. 360.
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.

The representatives of the agricultural associations just before the rising of the farmers in Kileler in March 1910.
Kliafa, Μ., Thessalia 1881-1981: Ekato chronia zois, Kedros editions, Athens 1983, p. 98.
© Kedros editions.

Syntagma square just before the First World War.
Athens, Photographic Archive of Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.

In the period 1897-1922 the number of people engaged in the secondary sector of production increased. Photograph of a factory of that period.
Athens, Photographic Archive of Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.

The persecution of the Greek element was one of the practices pursued by the Young Turks during the Balkan and the First World War. In the photograph Greeks of Asia Minor are conveyed by railway to labour batallions in the interior of Anatolia.
Christopoulos, G. (ed), Istoria tou Ellinikou Ethnous, v. 15, Neoteros Ellinismos apo to 1913 eos to 1941, Ekdotiki Athinon, Athens 1978, p. 103.
© Ekdotiki Athinon.

Greek refugees from the area of Phokaia seek shelter in Greece after the persecutions they had suffered during the 1910's.
Athens, Photographic Archive of the History Foundation of E. Venizelos.
© History Foundation of E. Venizelos.

Greek immigrants on deck of a ship heading to America.
Ladis, Ph., Opou gi Ellada: To epos tis metanastefsis se eikones, Mnimes editions, Athens 1997, p. 17.
© Ph. Ladis.

Large estate owners and sharecroppers in a common photograph of 1903.
Kliafa, Μ., Thessalia 1881-1981: Ekato chronia zois, Kedros editions, Athens 1983, p. 26.
© Kedros editions.

Marinos Antypas, major leader of the agrarian movement of Thessaly. He has been assassinated in 1907 by the superintendent of the large estate owner Μ. Metaxas.
Athens, Photographic Archive of Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.

Popular quarter in Athens. The lack of essential sanitation is evident, a fact that exacerbated the living conditions of people.
Athens, Photographic Archive of Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.

Phaliro in the beginning of the century. It has been a place of entertainment of the Athenians during the belle epoque and one of the first resort centres.
Athens, Photographic Archive of Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.

Mathiopoulos, P., I leoforos Vasilissis Sofias meta ti vrohi, ca. 1900.
Oil on canvas 50Χ85 cm.
Athens, National Gallery-Alexandros Soutzos Museum, Koutlidis Collection inv. no. 586.
Kotidis, Αnt., Elliniki Techni: Zografiki tou 19ou aiona, Ekdotiki Athinon, Athens 1995, p. 183, fig. 157.
© Ministry of Culture.

One of the most common meeting places of the period was coffee shops. In the photograph the coffee shop of G. D. Zavoritis in Syntagma square.
Athens, Photographic Archive of Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.

The rift between Venizelists and anti-Venizelists reached its culmination during the period of the National Schism. In this period many cartoons were parodying the climate prevailing. Here the triumvirate of the "National Defence" with Ε. Venizelos leading the way. He is followed by Admiral P. Koundouriotis and general P. Danglis.
Athens, Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.
Kathimerini, Epta Imeres, 8 December 1996, p. 22.
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.

Ioulia Somaki, urged by Queen Olga, translated the Gospels in demotic Greek, a fact that led to the riots of Evangelika in 1901.
Markezinis, Sp., Politiki Istoria tis Neoteras Ellados 1828-1964, v. 2, I Syntagmatiki Vasileia 1863-1909, Papyros editions, Athens 1966, p. 372.
© Papyros editions.

One of the most important initiatives of the social policy of Venizelos has been the introduction of the eight-hour working day. In the photograph a cartoon of the time depicting the struggle of the employed in claiming the above measure.
Athens, Photographic Archive of Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.

Sharecroppers and large estate owners after the end of threshing in 1904.
Kliafa Μ., Thessalia 1881-1981: Ekato chronia zois, Kedros editions, Athens 1983, p. 28.
© Kedros editions.

Farmers in front of a threshing machine in Thessaly around 1915.
Kliafa, Μ., Thessalia 1881-1981: Ekato chronia zois, Kedros editions, Athens 1983, p. 248.
© Kedros editions.

Athenian newspapers circulating during the Balkan Wars.
Athens, Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.
Kathimerini, Epta Imeres, 21 April 1996, p. 26
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.

The front page of the newspaper Patris on 2 April 1918.
Athens, Photographic Archive of History Foundation of Ε. Venizelos.
© History Foundation of Ε. Venizelos, Athens.

The stamp of the Labour Centre of Athens.
Kordatos, G., Istoria tou Ellinikou Ergatikou Kinimatos, Boukoumani editions, Athens 1972, p. 177.
© Boukoumani editions.

In the first decades of the twentieth century agriculture was the basic sector of economy. The same feature characterized the economy of the areas annexed after the Balkan Wars. Photograph of threshing (by adokana) in Mesta, Chios.
Athens, Benaki Museum.
Psarraki-Belesioti, Ν., Paradosiakes kalliergeies, Benaki Museum-Photographic Archive, Athens 1978, p. 33, fig. 31.
© Benaki Museum, Athens.

Sharecroppers in the estate of G. Zografos in the area of Lazarina in stock breeding occupations.
Kliafa, Μ., Thessalia 1881-1981: Ekato chronia zois, Kedros editions, Athens 1983, p. 70.
© Kedros editions.

The population development of the complex of Athens and Piraeus caused several problems in the life of the poorer social classes. Photograph of a popular quarter of Athens.
Athens, Photographic Archive of Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.

A meeting of farmers and workers in the area of Livadeia on 6 May 1919.
ΚΚΕ 1918-1978, Editions of the Central Committee of ΚΚΕ, Athens 1978, p. 42, fig. 1.
© Editions of the Central Committee of ΚΚΕ.

The number of women engaged in the industrial sector has been considerable already from the beginning of the century. This is considered a step towards female emancipation. In the photograph female workers in textile factory.
Panellinio Lefkoma Ethnikis Ekatondaetiridos 1821-1921, v. 2.
Dritsa, Μ., Viomichania kai Trapezes stin Ellada tou Mesopolemou, National Bank Cultural Foundation, Athens 1990, fig. 4.
© National Bank Cultural Foundation, Athens.

In the beginning of the twentieth century child labour was disseminated. Young children working as shoeblacks.
Athens, Photographic Archive of Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.

The bourgeois class developing in the cities in the beginning of the century adopts the new trends in dressing, entertainment and behaviour.
Athens, Photographic Archive of Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.

A large part of the petit bourgeois business class aligned with the Venizelist venture. In the photograph the facade and the interior of the tailor and clothier house of Chr. Politis.
Athens, Photographic Archive of Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.

The front page of the newspaper Patris on 21 May 1915. King Constantine becomes the object of person cult although the newspaper belongs to the Venizelist bloc.
Athens, Photographic Archive of History Foundation of Ε. Venizelos.
© History Foundation of Ε. Venizelos, Athens.

Manolis Triantafyllidis (1883-1959).
Athens, Research Centre for Modern Greek Education.
Kathimerini, Epta Imeres,7 February 1999, p. 11.
© Research Centre for Modern Greek Education, Athens.

G. Skliros (1878-1919)
Kordatos, G., Istoria tou ellinikou ergatikou kinimatos, Boukoumani editions, Athens 1972, p. 122.
© Boukoumani editions

Alexandros Papanastasiou (1876-1936).
Athens, Photographic Archive of Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.

Photograph of Α. Papanastasiou and his collaborators, compilers of the Democratic Manifesto. Its publication led to their arrest and the "Trial of Lamia", where they have been sentenced to three-year imprisonment for vilifying the King.
Christopoulos (ed), Istoria tou Ellinikou Ethnous, v. 15, Neoteros Ellinisoms apo to 1913-1941, Ekdotiki Athinon, Athens 1978, p. 195.
© Ekdotiki Athinon.

Kalliroe Parren (1859-1940).
Athens, Collection of the Lyceum Club of Greek Women.
© Collection of the Lyceum Club of Greek Women, Athens.

Amalias avenue ca. 1900.
Athens, Photographic Archive of Benaki Museum no. 42836.
© Benaki Museum, Athens.

The execution of public works is part of constitution of the modern city, an idea beginning to implement in this period. In the photograph Syngrou Avenue ca. 1920.
Athens, Photographic Archive of Benaki Museum no. 45912.
© Benaki Museum, Athens.

In the beginning of the twentieth century the Greek communities of the Black Sea follow a course of development based on their merchant and shipping activities. In the photograph a tobacco shop in Odessa where some of the products are quoted in Greek as well.
Odessa, Historical and Foklore Museum.
Kardasis, V., O Ellinismos tou Efxinou Pontou, Militos editions, p. 118.
© Historical and Foklore Museum, Odessa.

The Greek presence was particularly felt in the economic, political as well as social life of Egypt already from the late nineteenth century. Socialite Greek women in Alexandria in 1907.
Athens, Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.
Kathimerini, Epta Imeres, 21 April 1996, p. 23.
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.

The Greek presence in the western coast of Asia Minor in the beginning of the twentieth century was enhanced with the foundation of schools, cultural clubs and foundations. Photograph from a commemoration of a Greek school in Smyrna.
Athens, Photographic Archive of War Museum no. 4912.
© War Museum, Athens.

In 1916 the acute juxtaposition between Venizelists-royalists concerning the orientations of the country during the First World War led to the National Schism and the creation of the state of Thessaloniki by the triumvirate of the National Defence. In Athens the royalists organized -among others- the ritual anathema of Eleftherios Venizelos. In the photograph the heap of stones placed above the effigy of the Cretan statesman in Pedio Areos in December 1916.
Athens, History Foundation of Ε. Venizelos.
© History Foundation of Ε. Venizelos, Athens.

Venizelos addressing his supporters in a speech in front of his house in Panepistimiou Street.
Athens, Photographic Archive of War Museum no. 0003.
© War Museum, Athens.

The conflict of Venizelists-Royalists was mostly evident in the Press of the time. Front page of the newspaper Skrip (anti-Venizelist newspaper) on 24/9/1915.
Athens, Library of the Hellenic Parliament.
© Library of the Hellenic Parliament, Athens.

Stamp of the Panhellenic Labour Federation.
Kordatos G., Istoria tou Ellinikou Ergatikou Kinimatos,Boukoumani editions, Athens 1972, p. 178.
© Boukoumani editions.

Stamp of the League of the Working Classes of Greece.
Kordatos, G., Istoria tou Ellinikou Ergatikou Kinimatos, Boukoumani editions, Athens 1972, p. 149.
© Boukoumani editions.

Alexandros Papanastasiou.
Papanastasiou, Α., Meletes-Logoi-Arthra, volume 2, Cultural Institute of the Agricultural Bank of Greece, Athens 1957, fig. 1.
© Cultural Institute of the Agricultural Bank of Greece.