One of the most significant infrastructure works which were carried out during the 19th century was the construction of the railway line Piraeus-Athens. Photograph of 1890 of these works in the region of Thisseio.
EIS-ISAP Archive.
Syllogos Philon tou Sidirodromou, Oi Ellinikoi Sidirodromoi: I Diadromi tous apo to 1869 eos simera, Militos Publications, p. 22.
© EIS-ISAP Archive.

Larisa in 1880. Thessaly produced large quantities of wheat. After its annexation the Trikoupian governments aspired to the abundance of wheat for the country. However, the large estate owners of the region kept the production at low levels in order to raise prices. The price of flour and bread in the towns was raising instead of reducing. This resulted in the manifestation of intense discontent by the low-income strata.
Anagnostakis, N., Stephanos Stournaras (1867-1928): O agios tis photographias, Archipelagos Publications, Athens 1999, p. 79.
© S. Stournaras.

One of the most important subjects connected to the agricultural life of the country which concerned all the post-revolutionary governments was the distribution of the national land. Picture: agricultural cultivations in Greece of the 19th century.
Athens, Gennadeios Library.
Christopoulos, G. (ed), Istoria tou Ellinikou Ethnous: Neoteros Ellinismos apo 1833 os 1881, vol. 13, Ekdotike Athenon, Athens 1977, p. 96.
© Gennadeios Library, Athens.

Gravure of the 19th century with cultivations in the area of Corinth. In the Peloponnese there were large areas of national land for which the first laws of the regulation of their property regime came into force.
Lithograph 33Χ62 cm. designed by Stackelberg and executed by Dupressier.
Topos kai Eikona: Charaktika Xenon Periigiton gia tin Ellada, vol. 7-19os aionas, Olkos Publications, Athens 1985, fig. 65.
© Olkos Publications.

The economic condition of the Greek state a little before the outbreak of the 3rd of September 1843 movement was rather aggravated. The Greek state could not concentrate the necessary amount to pay off the external debt. Picture: gold 20-drachma coin with King Othon; minted in 1833 at Munich.
Athens, Benaki Museum.
Fotopoulos, D., Delivorrias, Ang., Greece at the Benaki Museum, Benaki Museum, Athens 1997, p. 591, fig. 1044.
© Benaki Museum, Athens.

George Finlay (1799-1875).
Christopoulos, G. (ed), Istoria tou Ellinikou Ethnous: Neoteros Ellinismos apo 1833 os 1881, vol. 13, Ekdotike Athenon, Athens 1977, p. 138.
© Ekdotike Athenon.

Lithograph of St. Aulaire depicting Sapientsa and Methoni.
The claims of Britain for these regions constituted one of the reasons for the outbreak of the incident Pacifico.
S., Markezinis, Politiki Istoria tis Neoteras Ellados 1828-1964: I Anagennisis tis Ellados 1828-1862, vol. 1, Papyros Publications, Athens 1966, p. 274.
© S. Markezinis.

Types of cheques issued by the National Bank of Greece in the 19th century.
Thomadakis, S., Pisti kai Ekchrimatismos tis oikonomias: Proexophlitikos daneismos kai Ethniki Trapeza, National Bank Cultural Foundation, Athens 1981, fig. 7-8.
© National Bank Cultural Foundation, Athens.

The economic crisis of the period 1883-1884 also provoked the discontent of the lower strata in the developed areas of the country. Picture: workers in the factories of Lavrion.
Athens, Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive Photographic Archive
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive, Athens.

The policy which led to the increase of the public deficit and the incapability of settlement of the foreign loans drove the country to bankruptcy. This caricature which was published in Neos Aristophanis exercises a scathing criticism at Ch. Trikoupis for the results of his choices.
S., Markezinis, Politiki Istoria tis Neoteras Ellados 1828-1964: I Syntagmatiki vasileia 1863-1909, Papyros Publications, Athens 1966, p. 108.
© K. Theophilis.

A twenty-five drachma banknote issued by the National Bank of Greece on June 1, 1885.
Kalaphatis, Th., Agrotiki Pisti kai Oikonomikos Metaschimatismos sti V. Peloponniso: Aigialeia teli 19ou aiona, vol. 3, National Bank Cultural Foundation, Athens 1992, fig. 13.
© National Bank Cultural Foundation, Athens.

A five hundred drachma banknote issued by the National Bank of Greece on March 30, 1841.
Kallitsis, G., Vasileiadis, N., I Istoria tou Ellinikou Xartonomismatos apo ton Phoinika sto Evro, Finatec Publications, p. 14.
© National Bank of Greece.

The building of the National Bank of Greece in Aiolou street. The National Bank was founded in 1841 and constituted the most important bank in the entire 19th century.
Athens, Collection of the National Bank of Greece.
Pavlos Kalligas 1814-1896: Timitiki ekdosi gia tin Ekatontaetirida apo to thanato tou, Historical Archive of the National Bank of Greece, Athens 1996, p. 22.
© Collection of the National Bank of Greece, Athens.

One hundred drachma banknote issued by the Bank of Epirus and Thessaly (Trapeza Epeirothessalias) on January 2, 1888.
Kallitsis, G., Vasileiadis, N., I Istoria tou Ellinikou Xartonomismatos apo ton Phoinika sto Evro, Finatec Publications, p. 20.
© Finatec Publications.

The agricultural reform of 1871 involved the distribution of National land to small cultivators. Picture: a spring in an agricultural area of Aigio.
Life size copperplate, design: H. W. Williams , engraving: Jas Stewart.
Topos kai Eikona: Charaktika Xenon Periigiton gia tin Ellada, vol. 6-19os aionas, Olkos Publications, Athens 1983, p. 202, fig. 24.
© Olkos Publications.

Bonded loan of the Greek state during the government of Diligiannis dated to December 6, 1885. The value of the bond was 10 drachmas and it is one of 3.000.000 bonds issued, as the loan amounted upto 30.000.000 drs.
Kallitsis, G., Vasileiadis, N., I Istoria tou Ellinikou Chartonomismatos apo ton Phoinika sto Evro, Finatec Publications.
© Finatec Publications.

Metaxourgeio about 1853-1854.
Sketch 16Χ39 cm.
Archive of Ch. Zioulas.
Agriantonis, Ch., Chatziioannou, M., To Metaxourgeio tis Athinas, Publication of the Institute of Neohellenic Research - National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens 1995, p. 62.
© Ch. Zioulas.

Freidrich Thiersch (1784-1860).
Athens, Archeio Prosopographion Kentrou Neoellinikon Erevnon, National Hellenic Research Foundation.
Papathanasopoulos, K., Elliniki Emporiki Naphtilia (1833-1856): Exelixi kai anaprosarmogi, National Bank Cultural Foundation, Athens 1983, fig. 2.
© Institute of Neohellenic Research, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens.

Despite their political differences, the main objective of the economic policy of both Alexandros Koumoundouros and Charilaos Trikoupis was the creation of the foundations for the modernization of the Greek state. Caricature with the two politicians.
S., Markezinis, Politiki Istoria tis Neoteras Ellados 1828-1964: I Syntagmatiki vasileia 1863-1909, vol. 2, Papyros Publications, Athens 1966, p. 159.
© Papyros Publications.

Part of the licence granted to Periklis Rodokanakis for the foundation of a wine factory in Odessa in 1889. The family Rodokanakis was one of the most important Greek families with an intense commercial activity in the region.
Odessa, State Archive.
Kardasis, V., O Ellinismos tou Ephxeinou Pontou, Militos Publications, Athens 1997, p. 129.
© State Archive of Odessa.

The contribution of the national benefactors was decisive in the erection of many buildings of public benefit. Photograph of Georgios Averoph (1818-1899). Certain of his donations involved the financing of the erection of the Hellenic Military Academy building, the completion of the National Polytechnic School of Athens and the paving of the Panathenian Stadium with marble.
Athens, Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive Photographic Archive
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive, Athens.

The supporters of Diligiannis turn against the "plutocracy", the "chrysocantharoi" (gold-bugs) and the fund holders which are accused of acting against the Greek economy and especially against the interests of the lower strata. The caricature presents such a type of fund holder as imagined by its creator. Published in Asmodaios in 1876.
Sapranidis, D., Istoria tis Politikis Geloiographias stin Ellada, Athens 1975, p. 123.
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive, Athens.

The cover of the two-volume work of Freiderich Thiersch De l' Etat actuel de La Grece et des Moyens d'Arriver a sa Restauration. It was published in Leipzig in 1833 in French.
Athens, Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive, Athens.

Charilaos Trikoupis (1832-1896).
Athens, The Greek Chamber of Deputies Library.
© The Greek Chamber of Deputies Library, Athens.

Theodoros Diligiannis (1826-1905).
Athens, Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive Photographic Archive
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.

K. Volanakis, Ta egainia tis diorygas tis Korinthou (The inauguration of the isthmus of Corinth).
Oil on canvas 127Χ200 cm.
Athens, National Bank of Greece.
Iliopoulou-Rogan, N., Kallitechniki Syllogi tis Ethnikis Trapezas tis Ellados, National Bank of Greece, Athens 1994, p. 40, fig. 6.
© National Bank of Greece.

Wilhelm von Weiler: The port of Ermoupolis.
Watercolour 0,30x0,45 m.
Athens, Benaki Museum.
Fotopoulos, D., Delivorrias, Ang., Greece at the Benaki Museum, Benaki Museum, Athens 1997, p. 591, fig. 1044.
© Benaki Museum, Athens.

In the late 19th century the steamships supplant the sail-ships in international transports. Picture: a wheel-driven steamship of the period.
Athens, Collection I. Vorre.
Spathari, E., Armenizontas sto Chrono: To ploio stin Elliniki Techni, KAPON Publications, Athens 1995, p. 265, fig. 355.
© Collection I. Vorre, Athens.

In the Trikoupian period a series of large public works which will lead to the future development of the country are carried out. Picture of the beginning of the works at the Kopais lake which is considered as one of the most important works of the period. It was published in the periodical Esperos at Leipsig on August 1, 1886.
Athens, Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive
Portolos, D., O Charilaos Trikoupis kai i Epochi tou: 4 Noemvriou-7 Dekemvriou 1996, Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive, Athens 1996, p. 143, fig. 216.
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive, Athens.

The policy of Charilaos Trikoupis led to the creation of an extensive railway network which was completed in the beginning of the 20th century, thus contibuting to the Greek economy. Photograph of a steam locomotive during the construction of the railway line Myloi-Kalamata.
Archive of P. Agatzas.
Syllogos Philon tou Sidirodromou, Oi Ellinikoi Sidirodromoi: I Diadromi tous apo to 1869 eos simera, Militos Publications, p. 178.
© P. Agatzas.

The Corinthian raisin was the main export product of Greece in the 19th century. However, in 1891 a decline is observed in the number of exports.
Cart postal of the period with the port of Patras where the exportation of raisins was carried out.
Kalaphatis, Th., Agrotiki Pisti kai Oikonomikos Metaschimatismos sti V. Peloponniso: Aigialeia teli 19ou aiona, vol. 1, Agrotiki Pisti kai Paragogi, National Bank Cultural Foundation, Athens 1990, fig. 15.
© A. Soldatos.

The Lavrion question preoccupied many Greek governments during the 19th century as it turn out as a great economic and political matter. Lavrion in the 19th century.
Athens, Serpieri Collection.
Christopoulos, G. (ed), Istoria tou Ellinikou Ethnous: Neoteros Ellinismos apo 1833 os 1881, vol. 13, Ekdotike Athenon, Athens 1977, p. 313.
© Serpieri Collection, Athens.

The issue of the Government Gazette of February 8, 1837, in which the decree for the composition of a twelve-member committee - "Committee for the encouragement of the national industry"-, was published.
Athens, The Greek Chamber of Deputies Library.
© The Greek Chamber of Deputies Library, Athens.

Pavlos Kalligas (1814-1896).
He was governor of the Bank of Greece during the period 1890-1896.
Valaoritou, I., Istoria tis Ethnikis Trapezis tis Ellados (1842-1902), National Bank Cultural Foundation, Athens 1988.
© National Bank Cultural Foundation, Athens.

The cultivation of raisins was very important for the economy of the 19th century as its demand from the international market reinforced the exports of the country. Picture of the processing and cleaning of the raisins.
Athens, Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive
Portolos, D., O Charilaos Trikoupis kai i Epochi tou: 4 Noemvriou-7 Dekemvriou 1996, Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive, Athens 1996, p. 147, fig. 234.
© Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive, Athens.

Edition of the Etaireia Ellinikis Atmoploias Greek Steam Navigation Company printed in Ermoupolis and released in 1857 in Athens. It includes foundation texts and the statutes of the company.
Papathanasopoulos, K., Etaireia Ellinikis Atmoploias (1855-1872): Ta adiexoda tou prostatephtismou, National Bank Cultural Foundation, Athens 1988, fig. 2.
© National Bank Cultural Foundation, Athens.