Seljuk Turks or Turks of Ikonion: The first Turks who crossed Persia from the plains of Turkestan and reached the coasts of the Aegean Sea and the Hellespont, where they founded a powerful state, the centre of which was Ikonion (11th century). Until the first decades of the 13th century, the state enjoyed remarkable prosperity. After its defeat by the Mongols in 1243 the Seljuk state was in turmoil until the beginning of the 14th century, when it disintegrated under unknown circumstances. In the former Seljuk state were then formed small Turkish emirates such as the Caraman, Jermiyan, Medesi, Aydin, Sarouhan, Carasi and Osman emirates, the latter of which was to bring about the fall of the Byzantine Empire almost one century later.